Chief Black Hawk, Utah's famous Ute Indian leader for just seven months led counter attacks against Mormon intrusion, and three years campaigning for a peaceful end to the war. While the Black Hawk War in Utah was not a single event, there were some 150 bloody confrontations between Mormon settlers and North American Indian peoples over a 21 year period. Utah's ancient and vibrant Indian culture numbered in the tens of thousands, at minimum 50,000 or more. It is astonishing to find that when Mormon settlers arrived in Utah territory during the years of 1847 thru 1870, Native Indian population steadily declined by 90 percent from disease, starvation, and violence! It is disturbing the victors accounts brush by this tragedy. That Natives to the land were subjected to deceit, dishonesty, torture, mass butchery, rape, and death, death to others, to animals, plants, to the waters, and the land. Indigenous men, women, and children were left to wonder alone in a land they believed belonged to them for eternity. A people who in their final agony cried out "we are human too."